--- title: The Christians quailed before the foe; the infidels pressed upon the… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics description: The Christians quailed before the foe; the infidels pressed upon them and put them to utter rout; the standard of the cross was cast down, the banner of Spain was trodden under foot, the air resounded with shouts of triumph, with yells of fury, and with the groans of dying men. Who acts: Christians, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/8/67/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Legends of the conquest of Spain](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/) / [Story of the Marvellous and Portentous…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/8/) / 67 # Legends of the conquest of Spain, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower., sentence 67 The Christians quailed before the foe; the infidels pressed upon them and put them to utter rout; the standard of the cross was cast down, the banner of Spain was trodden under foot, the air resounded with shouts of triumph, with yells of fury, and with the groans of dying men. **Who acts:** Christians, air, fury, dying men · **What happens:** quail, press, put, utter, cast down, tread · **To what, where:** infidels, Christians, rout, standard, banner, foot This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Christians, air, fury, dying men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg77685:8:67 # text = The Christians quailed before the foe; the infidels pressed upon them and put them to utter rout; the standard of the cross was cast down, the banner of Spain was trodden under foot, the air resounded with shouts of triumph, with yells of fury, and with the groans of dying men. 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 Christians Christian PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 quailed quail VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 before before ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 6 foe foe NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 7 ; ; PUNCT : _ 9 punct _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 infidels infidel NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 parataxis _ _ 10 pressed press VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 acl _ _ 11 upon upon ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 obl _ _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 put put VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 10 conj _ _ 15 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 obj _ _ 16 to to PART TO _ 17 mark _ _ 17 utter utter VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 14 advcl _ _ 18 rout rout NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 19 ; ; PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 standard standard NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nsubj:pass _ _ 22 of of ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 cross cross NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nmod _ _ 25 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 26 aux:pass _ _ 26 cast cast VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 parataxis _ _ 27 down down ADP RP _ 26 compound:prt _ SpaceAfter=No 28 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 banner banner NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 nsubj:pass _ _ 31 of of ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 Spain Spain PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nmod _ _ 33 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 34 aux:pass _ _ 34 trodden tread VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 26 conj _ _ 35 under under ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 36 foot foot NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 37 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 42 nsubj _ _ 40 resounded resound VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 39 acl _ _ 41 with with ADP IN _ 40 obl _ _ 42 shouts shout VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 34 parataxis _ _ 43 of of ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 44 triumph triumph NOUN NN Number=Sing 42 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 45 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 46 with with ADP IN _ 47 case _ _ 47 yells yell NOUN NNS Number=Plur 44 conj _ _ 48 of of ADP IN _ 49 case _ _ 49 fury fury NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 50 , , PUNCT , _ 54 punct _ _ 51 and and CCONJ CC _ 54 cc _ _ 52 with with ADP IN _ 54 case _ _ 53 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 54 det _ _ 54 groans groan NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 55 of of ADP IN _ 57 case _ _ 56 dying die VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 57 amod _ _ 57 men man NOUN NNS Number=Plur 54 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 58 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **quail** | past | the Christians | | | | before the foe | with the groans of dying men; the infidels *parataxis* | vn flinch-40.5 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | | 2 | **press** | participle | | the infidels *not said here* | | | | upon Christians *= christian* | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **put** | infinitive | | Christians *= christian* | | | | | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent they=Goal | | 4 | **utter** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | | rout | | | | | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent rout=Topic | | 5 | **cast down** | past · passive | | the standard of the cross | | | | | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product | | 6 | **tread** | past · passive | | the banner of Spain | | foot | | | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | | 7 | **resound** | participle | | the air *not said here* | | | | | vn sound\_existence-47.4 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 8 | **shout** *speech: express* | present | the air | | | | | of triumph and yells of fury | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 9 | **die** | gerund | | | | | | | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | | 10 | **yell** | | fury | | | | | | nom yell «communication intransitive»: of=agent | | 11 | **groan** | | dying men | | | | | | nom groan «communication intransitive»: of=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 66](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/8/66/) - next →: [sentence 68](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/8/68/) - ↑ back to [Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/8/)