---
title: The heavens were darkened by heavy clouds; loud bursts of thunder re… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The heavens were darkened by heavy clouds; loud bursts of thunder rent the air, and the earth was deluged with rain and rattling hail. Who acts: heavy clouds, loud bursts. A sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower., with its d
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower., sentence 73

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The heavens were darkened by heavy clouds; loud bursts of thunder rent the air, and the earth was deluged with rain and rattling hail.

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**Who acts:** heavy clouds, loud bursts · **What happens:** darken, rent, deluge, rattle, burst · **To what, where:** heavens, air, earth, hail, thunder

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Story of the Marvellous and Portentous Tower.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (heavy clouds, loud bursts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:8:73
# text = The heavens were darkened by heavy clouds; loud bursts of thunder rent the air, and the earth was deluged with rain and rattling hail.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	darkened	darken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	bursts	burst	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	thunder	thunder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	rent	rent	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	deluged	deluge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
22	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	rattling	rattle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	conj	_	_
26	hail	hail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | past · passive | heavy clouds | the heavens |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **rent** | present | loud bursts of thunder | the air |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |
| 3 | **deluge** | past · passive |  | the earth |  |  |  | with rain | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with rain=Theme |
| 4 | **rattle** | gerund |  | hail |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hail=Theme |
| 5 | **burst** |  |  | thunder |  |  |  |  | nom burst «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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