---
title: To toughen his men, he made them attach small, but heavy, bags of sa… — Winning Buddha's smile · tree and pragmatics
description: To toughen his men, he made them attach small, but heavy, bags of sand to their legs. Who acts: San, men. A sentence of «Winning Buddha's smile», Winning Buddha’s Smile, part 8, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Winning Buddha's smile, Winning Buddha’s Smile, part 8, sentence 74

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To toughen his men, he made them attach small, but heavy, bags of sand to their legs.

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**Who acts:** San, men · **What happens:** toughen, make, attach · **To what, where:** men

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This is a sentence of «Winning Buddha's smile», Winning Buddha’s Smile, part 8. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (San, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg78208:10:74
# text = To toughen his men, he made them attach small, but heavy, bags of sand to their legs.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toughen	toughen	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	attach	attach	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
15	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toughen** | to-infinitive |  | San's men |  |  |  | to bags's legs; heavy bags of sand *obl* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent man=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | past | San | men *= man* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **attach** | infinitive | men *= man* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | small *property* | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Winning Buddha's smile», Project Gutenberg book 78208 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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