---
title: He led a wretched existence--his strength being sustained only by th… — Winning Buddha's smile · tree and pragmatics
description: He led a wretched existence--his strength being sustained only by the promise of the disciple that his sight would be restored to him at the end of three years. Who acts: Korea, promise. A sentence of «Winning Buddha's smile», Winning Buddha’s Smile, part 10, with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# Winning Buddha's smile, Winning Buddha’s Smile, part 10, sentence 76

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He led a wretched existence--his strength being sustained only by the promise of the disciple that his sight would be restored to him at the end of three years.

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**Who acts:** Korea, promise · **What happens:** lead, sustain, restore, promise, sight · **To what, where:** wretched existence, strength, sight, Korea, end, disciple

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This is a sentence of «Winning Buddha's smile», Winning Buddha’s Smile, part 10. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Korea, promise), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg78208:12:78
# text = He led a wretched existence--his strength being sustained only by the promise of the disciple that his sight would be restored to him at the end of three years.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	wretched	wretched	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	existence	existence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	strength	strength	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
11	only	only	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	disciple	disciple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
19	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	sight	sight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	restored	restore	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
24	to	to	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obl	_	_
26	at	at	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	31	nummod	_	_
31	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | Korea | a wretched existence |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent existence=Theme |
| 2 | **sustain** | gerund · passive |  | Korea's strength |  |  |  | the promise of the disciple *obj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **restore** | would · passive | the promise of the disciple *not said here* | Korea's sight | Korea |  | at the end of three years |  | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme to he=Recipient |
| 4 | **promise** |  |  | the disciple |  |  |  |  | nom promise «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 5 | **sight** |  | Korea |  |  |  |  |  | nom sight «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Winning Buddha's smile», Project Gutenberg book 78208 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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