---
title: And now the nearest of those bulwarks three He reached, and o’er its… — The foray of Queen Meave, and other legends of I… · tree and pragmatics
description: And now the nearest of those bulwarks three He reached, and o’er its ruins swept, back driving The conquerors late now conquered. Who acts: Ilgairig, sunshaft. A sentence of «The foray of Queen Meave, and other legends of Ireland's heroic age» by Aubrey De Vere, Opening, part 15, with its dependency
---

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# The foray of Queen Meave, and other legends of Ireland's heroic age, Opening, part 15, sentence 252

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And now the nearest of those bulwarks three He reached, and o’er its ruins swept, back driving The conquerors late now conquered.

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**Who acts:** Ilgairig, sunshaft · **What happens:** reach, sweep, drive, conquer, ruin · **To what, where:** conquerors

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This is a sentence of «The foray of Queen Meave, and other legends of Ireland's heroic age» by Aubrey De Vere, Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ilgairig, sunshaft), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg78491:15:254
# text = And now the nearest of those bulwarks three He reached, and o’er its ruins swept, back driving The conquerors late now conquered.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
2	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	8	advmod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	nearest	near	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	8	nmod	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	bulwarks	bulwark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	advcl	_	_
9	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	o’er	o'er	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	ruins	ruin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
16	swept	sweep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	back	back	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
19	driving	drive	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	xcomp	_	_
20	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	conquerors	conqueror	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
22	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	24	advmod	_	_
23	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	24	advmod	_	_
24	conquered	conquer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | Ilgairig |  |  |  |  | three  the nearest of that bulwarks *advcl* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sweep** | past | Ilgairig *not said here* |  |  |  |  | o'er sunshaft's ruins | tree rules |
| 3 | **drive** | gerund | Ilgairig *not said here* | the conquerors |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme conqueror=Trajectory |
| 4 | **conquer** | participle |  | the conquerors *not said here* |  |  | now | late *property* | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **ruin** |  | sunshaft |  |  |  |  |  | nom ruin «state transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The foray of Queen Meave, and other legends of Ireland's heroic age» by Aubrey De Vere, Project Gutenberg book 78491 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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