---
title: Long, long ago the Indians believed in witches’ power. — Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems · tree and pragmatics
description: Long, long ago the Indians believed in witches’ power. Who acts: Indians. A sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 14, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 14, sentence 41

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Long, long ago the Indians believed in witches’ power.

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**Who acts:** Indians · **What happens:** believe · **To what, where:** power

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This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg78673:14:41
# text = Long, long ago the Indians believed in witches’ power.
1	Long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
3	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
4	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	believed	believe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	witches	witch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	’	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | past | the Indians |  |  | witches's power |  | ago *property* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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