--- title: An excellent example of polysynthesis is seen in the combination _nd… — Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems · tree and pragmatics description: An excellent example of polysynthesis is seen in the combination _ndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok_, “I learned it at St. Francis” (Abenaki), which may be analyzed as follows: _n_, inseparable prefix of the first person, _dal_ the prepositional element “in” or “at” (cf. the separable post-position _tali_, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/24/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Kulóskap the master, and other Algonki…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/) / [Opening, part 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/) / 24 # Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 2, sentence 24 An excellent example of polysynthesis is seen in the combination \_ndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok\_, “I learned it at St. Francis” (Abenaki), which may be analyzed as follows: \_n\_, inseparable prefix of the first person, \_dal\_ the prepositional element “in” or “at” (cf. the separable post-position \_tali\_, “in”), √\_agaʿkim\_, the root “to learn, teach”--itself a reduplicated form of original √\_kim\_, “learn”--and, finally, -\_zi\_, the reflexive ending. **Who acts:** knowledge, example, zi · **What happens:** see n, learn, analyze, follow, teach, reduplicate · **To what, where:** excellent example, combination, example, Francis, polysynthesis, first person · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (knowledge, example, zi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg78673:2:24 # text = An excellent example of polysynthesis is seen in the combination _ndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok_, “I learned it at St. Francis” (Abenaki), which may be analyzed as follows: _n_, inseparable prefix of the first person, _dal_ the prepositional element “in” or “at” (cf. the separable post-position _tali_, “in”), √_agaʿkim_, the root “to learn, teach”--itself a reduplicated form of original √_kim_, “learn”--and, finally, -_zi_, the reflexive ending. 1 An a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 excellent excellent ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 3 example example NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj:pass _ _ 4 of of ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 polysynthesis polysynthesis NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _ 6 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux:pass _ _ 7 seen see VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 8 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 combination combination NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ _ 11 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 13 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 12 ndalagaʿkimzi ndalagaʿkimzi X FW Foreign=Yes 13 flat:foreign _ _ 13 Alsigontegok Alsigontegok PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 14 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 13 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 15 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 16 “ " PUNCT `` _ 18 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 17 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj _ _ 18 learned learn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 acl:relcl _ _ 19 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 obj _ _ 20 at at ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 St. St. PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 nmod:desc _ _ 22 Francis Francis PROPN NNP Number=Sing 18 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 23 ” " PUNCT '' _ 22 punct _ _ 24 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 25 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 25 Abenaki Abenaki PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 26 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 25 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 27 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 28 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 31 nsubj:pass _ _ 29 may may AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 31 aux _ _ 30 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 31 aux:pass _ _ 31 analyzed analyze VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 22 acl:relcl _ _ 32 as as SCONJ IN _ 33 mark _ _ 33 follows follow VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 31 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No 34 : : PUNCT : _ 36 punct _ _ 35 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 36 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 36 n n X GW _ 7 compound:prt _ SpaceAfter=No 37 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 36 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 38 , , PUNCT , _ 40 punct _ _ 39 inseparable inseparable ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 40 amod _ _ 40 prefix prefix NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ _ 41 of of ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 43 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 44 amod _ _ 44 person person NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 45 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 46 _ _ ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 47 amod _ SpaceAfter=No 47 dal dal NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 48 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 36 punct _ _ 49 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 51 det _ _ 50 prepositional prepositional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 51 amod _ _ 51 element element NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ _ 52 “ " PUNCT `` _ 53 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 53 in in ADP IN _ 36 goeswith _ SpaceAfter=No 54 ” " PUNCT '' _ 53 punct _ _ 55 or or CCONJ CC _ 57 cc _ _ 56 “ " PUNCT `` _ 57 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 57 at at ADP IN _ 53 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 58 ” " PUNCT '' _ 36 punct _ _ 59 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 60 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 60 cf cf NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 61 . . PUNCT . _ 36 punct _ _ 62 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 64 det _ _ 63 separable separable ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 64 amod _ _ 64 post-position post-position NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ _ 65 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 66 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 66 tali talus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 67 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 36 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 68 , , PUNCT , _ 71 punct _ _ 69 “ " PUNCT `` _ 71 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 70 in in ADP IN _ 71 case _ SpaceAfter=No 71 ” " PUNCT '' _ 36 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 72 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 36 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 73 , , PUNCT , _ 74 punct _ _ 74 √ √ PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 goeswith _ SpaceAfter=No 75 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 76 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 76 agaʿkim agaʿkim NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 77 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 36 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 78 , , PUNCT , _ 80 punct _ _ 79 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 80 det _ _ 80 root root NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ _ 81 “ " PUNCT `` _ 83 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 82 to to PART TO _ 83 mark _ _ 83 learn learn VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 36 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 84 , , PUNCT , _ 85 punct _ _ 85 teach teach VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 83 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 86 ” " PUNCT '' _ 83 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 87 -- -- PUNCT , _ 91 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 88 itself itself PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 91 nsubj _ _ 89 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 91 det _ _ 90 reduplicated reduplicate VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 91 amod _ _ 91 form form NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ _ 92 of of ADP IN _ 94 case _ _ 93 original original ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 94 amod _ _ 94 √ √ NOUN NN Number=Sing 91 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 95 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 36 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 96 kim Kim PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 97 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 96 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 98 , , PUNCT , _ 100 punct _ _ 99 “ " PUNCT `` _ 100 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 100 learn learn VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 36 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 101 ” " PUNCT '' _ 100 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 102 -- -- PUNCT , _ 114 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 103 and and CCONJ CC _ 114 cc _ SpaceAfter=No 104 , , PUNCT , _ 103 punct _ _ 105 finally finally ADV RB _ 114 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 106 , , PUNCT , _ 105 punct _ _ 107 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 105 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 108 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 114 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 109 zi zi X FW Foreign=Yes 114 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 110 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 109 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 111 , , PUNCT , _ 114 punct _ _ 112 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 114 det _ _ 113 reflexive reflexive NOUN NN Number=Sing 114 compound _ _ 114 ending ending NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 115 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **see n** | present · passive | | a excellent example of polysynthesis | | the combination | | ndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok *obl* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | | 2 | **learn** *in a quote* | past | our knowledge *= knowledge* | example | | Francis St. | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic | | 3 | **analyze** | may · passive | | Francis St. | | | | | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 4 | **follow** | present | | | | | | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **learn** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | | | | | | | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **teach** *speech: other* *in a quote* | infinitive | | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **reduplicate** | participle | | | | | | | tree rules | | 8 | **form** | | example | | | | | of original √ | tree rules | | 9 | **learn** *in a quote* | infinitive | | | | | | | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 10 | **ending** | | zi | | | | | finally *property* | tree rules | | 11 | **exemplify** | | | polysynthesis | | | | | nom example «cognition transitive»: of=patient | | 12 | **prefix** | | | the first person and \_ dal | | | | | nom prefix «communication transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/23/) - next →: [sentence 25](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/25/) - ↑ back to [Opening, part 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/)