---
title: It has, however, been shown that this does not occur in early MSS. o… — Celtic Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: It has, however, been shown that this does not occur in early MSS. or editions, and was only added at the end to amuse the children after the service, and was therefore only a translation or adaptation of a current German form of the jingle; (2) M. Basset, in the _Revue des Traditions populaires_, 1
---

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# Celtic Fairy Tales, X. Munachar and Manachar., sentence 14

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It has, however, been shown that this does not occur in early MSS. or editions, and was only added at the end to amuse the children after the service, and was therefore only a translation or adaptation of a current German form of the jingle; (2) M. Basset, in the \_Revue des Traditions populaires\_, 1890, t. v. p. 549, has suggested that it is a survival of the old Greek custom at the sacrifice of the Bouphonia for the priest to contend that \_he\_ had not slain the sacred beast, the axe declares that the handle did it, the handle transfers the guilt further, and so on.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** arriero, this, 2 Basset, axe, handle · **What happens:** have, show, not occur, add, amuse, be · **To what, where:** early MSS, end, children, translation, v. p., survival · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Celtic Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, X. Munachar and Manachar.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (arriero, this, 2 Basset, axe), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg7885:44:14
# text = It has, however, been shown that this does not occur in early MSS. or editions, and was only added at the end to amuse the children after the service, and was therefore only a translation or adaptation of a current German form of the jingle; (2) M. Basset, in the _Revue des Traditions populaires_, 1890, t. v. p. 549, has suggested that it is a survival of the old Greek custom at the sacrifice of the Bouphonia for the priest to contend that _he_ had not slain the sacred beast, the axe declares that the handle did it, the handle transfers the guilt further, and so on.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	however	however	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
9	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	12	nsubj	_	_
10	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	occur	occur	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	ccomp	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	MSS	mss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	editions	edition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
22	only	only	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
24	at	at	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	amuse	amuse	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	advcl	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obj	_	_
31	after	after	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	service	service	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
36	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	40	cop	_	_
37	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	40	advmod	_	_
38	only	only	ADV	RB	_	40	advmod	_	_
39	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
41	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
42	adaptation	adaptation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	conj	_	_
43	of	of	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
44	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	47	det	_	_
45	current	current	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
46	German	German	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
47	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	nmod	_	_
48	of	of	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
50	jingle	jingle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	47	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	56	punct	_	_
52	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	53	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	56	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	53	punct	_	_
55	M.	M.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	53	nmod:unmarked	_	_
56	Basset	basset	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	64	punct	_	_
58	in	in	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
59	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	64	det	_	_
60	_	_	PUNCT	``	_	63	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
61	Revue	Revue	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	62	compound	_	_
62	des	des	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	63	compound	_	_
63	Traditions	tradition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	64	compound	_	_
64	populaires	populaire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	56	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
65	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	64	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
66	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	67	punct	_	_
67	1890	1890	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	75	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
68	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	71	punct	_	_
69	t.	T.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	70	compound	_	_
70	v.	V.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	71	compound	_	_
71	p.	P.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	75	nsubj:pass	_	_
72	549	549	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	71	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
73	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	71	punct	_	_
74	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	75	aux	_	_
75	suggested	suggest	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	56	acl:relcl	_	_
76	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	80	mark	_	_
77	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	80	nsubj	_	_
78	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	80	cop	_	_
79	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	80	det	_	_
80	survival	survival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	75	advcl	_	_
81	of	of	ADP	IN	_	85	case	_	_
82	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	85	det	_	_
83	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	85	amod	_	_
84	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	85	amod	_	_
85	custom	custom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	80	nmod	_	_
86	at	at	ADP	IN	_	88	case	_	_
87	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	88	det	_	_
88	sacrifice	sacrifice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	85	nmod	_	_
89	of	of	ADP	IN	_	91	case	_	_
90	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	91	det	_	_
91	Bouphonia	Bouphonia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	88	nmod	_	_
92	for	for	ADP	IN	_	94	case	_	_
93	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	94	det	_	_
94	priest	priest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	80	nmod	_	_
95	to	to	PART	TO	_	96	mark	_	_
96	contend	contend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	75	ccomp	_	_
97	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	103	mark	_	_
98	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	97	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
99	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	103	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
100	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	99	punct	_	_
101	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	103	aux	_	_
102	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	103	advmod	_	_
103	slain	slay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	96	advcl	_	_
104	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	106	det	_	_
105	sacred	sacred	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	106	amod	_	_
106	beast	beast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	103	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
107	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	110	punct	_	_
108	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	109	det	_	_
109	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	110	nsubj	_	_
110	declares	declare	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	106	acl:relcl	_	_
111	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	114	mark	_	_
112	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	113	det	_	_
113	handle	handle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	114	nsubj	_	_
114	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	110	ccomp	_	_
115	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	114	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
116	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	119	punct	_	_
117	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	118	det	_	_
118	handle	handle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	119	nsubj	_	_
119	transfers	transfer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	110	conj	_	_
120	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	121	det	_	_
121	guilt	guilt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	119	obj	_	_
122	further	further	ADV	RB	_	119	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
123	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	126	punct	_	_
124	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	126	cc	_	_
125	so	so	ADV	RB	_	126	advmod	_	_
126	on	on	ADV	RB	_	103	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
127	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | arriero |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **show** | participle · passive | arriero *not said here* |  |  |  |  | however *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: clause=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **occur** | present · do-support | this |  |  | early MSS |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in mss=Location |
| 4 | **add** *speech: assert* | past · passive |  |  |  |  | at the end |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle» |
| 5 | **amuse** | to-infinitive |  | the children |  |  | after the service |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus child=Experiencer |
| 6 | **is a** | past |  | a translation or adaptation |  |  |  | of a current German form of the jingle; therefore *property* | tree rules |
| 7 | **suggest** *speech: suggest* | present · perfect · passive | 2 Basset *not said here* | v. p. |  |  |  | 1890 *obl* | tree rules |
| 8 | **is a** | present | arriero | a survival |  |  |  | of the old Greek custom at the sacrifice of the Bouphonia; for the priest | tree rules |
| 9 | **contend** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 10 | **not** **slay** | past · perfect · passive |  | p. |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 11 | **declare** *speech: other* | present | the axe | the sacred beast *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent beast=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 12 | **do** | past | the handle | arriero |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |
| 13 | **transfer** | present | the handle | the guilt |  |  |  | further *property* | vn contribute-13.2-2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent guilt=Theme |
| 14 | **form** |  |  | the jingle |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 15 | **sacrifice** |  |  | the Bouphonia |  |  |  |  | nom sacrifice «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Celtic Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, Project Gutenberg book 7885 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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<!-- pn -->
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- ↑ back to [X. Munachar and Manachar.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg7885/44/)