---
title: We know his battles, and the names of those whom he slew in battle,… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: We know his battles, and the names of those whom he slew in battle, and how he was himself slain, and by whose hands. Who acts: We, student. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics o
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 29

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We know his battles, and the names of those whom he slew in battle, and how he was himself slain, and by whose hands.

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**Who acts:** We, student · **What happens:** know, slay, be, battle, name · **To what, where:** battles, battle, slain, those

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We, student), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:1:29
# text = We know his battles, and the names of those whom he slew in battle, and how he was himself slain, and by whose hands.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	battles	battle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	parataxis	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	8	nmod	_	_
11	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	obj	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	slew	slay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
18	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	22	advmod	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
21	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	22	nsubj	_	_
22	slain	slain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	by	by	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present | We | student's battles |  |  |  | the names of those *parataxis* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer battle=Stimulus |
| 2 | **slay** | past | student |  |  | battle |  | whom *obj* | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent whom=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** | past | student | slain and slain and slain's hands's hands |  |  |  | slain and slain and hands's hands's hands *conj* | tree rules |
| 4 | **battle** |  | student |  |  |  |  |  | nom battle «act transitive»: poss=agent |
| 5 | **name** |  |  | those |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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