---
title: We know his physical and spiritual characteristics, the device upon… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: We know his physical and spiritual characteristics, the device upon his shield, and how that was originated, carved, and painted, by whom. Who acts: We. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 30

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We know his physical and spiritual characteristics, the device upon his shield, and how that was originated, carved, and painted, by whom.

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**Who acts:** We · **What happens:** know, originate, carve, paint · **To what, where:** physical characteristics, that

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:1:30
# text = We know his physical and spiritual characteristics, the device upon his shield, and how that was originated, carved, and painted, by whom.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
4	physical	physical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	spiritual	spiritual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	device	device	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
11	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	shield	shield	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	19	advmod	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	originated	originate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	by	by	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present | We | student's physical characteristics |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer characteristic=Stimulus |
| 2 | **originate** | past · passive |  | that |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **carve** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **paint** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | whom *obl* | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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