---
title: That mound is the tomb of Cuculain, once king of the district in whi… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: That mound is the tomb of Cuculain, once king of the district in which Dundalk stands to-day, and the ruins of whose earthen fortification may still be seen two miles from that town. Who acts: mound, Dundalk. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literat
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 32

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That mound is the tomb of Cuculain, once king of the district in which Dundalk stands to-day, and the ruins of whose earthen fortification may still be seen two miles from that town.

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**Who acts:** mound, Dundalk · **What happens:** be, stand, see, ruin · **To what, where:** tomb, district, ruins, earthen fortification

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mound, Dundalk), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:1:32
# text = That mound is the tomb of Cuculain, once king of the district in which Dundalk stands to-day, and the ruins of whose earthen fortification may still be seen two miles from that town.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	mound	mound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tomb	tomb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Cuculain	Cuculain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	once	once	SCONJ	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	district	district	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	obl	_	_
16	Dundalk	Dundalk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
17	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	ruins	ruin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	nsubj:pass	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	28	nmod:poss	_	_
27	earthen	earthen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	fortification	fortification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
29	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
30	still	still	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
31	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	aux:pass	_	_
32	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
33	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	34	nummod	_	_
34	miles	mile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obj	_	_
35	from	from	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	37	det	_	_
37	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | that mound | the tomb |  |  |  | of Cuculain; king of the district *appos* | tree rules |
| 2 | **stand** | present | Dundalk |  |  | the district | day |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in which=Location |
| 3 | **see** | may · passive |  | the ruins of the ruins of the ruins's earthen fortification's earthen fortification |  |  | still | two miles *obj* | tree rules |
| 4 | **ruin** |  |  | the ruins of the ruins of earthen fortification's earthen fortification's earthen fortification |  |  |  |  | nom ruin «state transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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