---
title: No country in Europe is without its cromlechs and dolmens, huge eart… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: No country in Europe is without its cromlechs and dolmens, huge earthen tumuli, great flagged sepulchres, and enclosures of tall pillar-stones. Who acts: country. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, with its dependency tre
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 4

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No country in Europe is without its cromlechs and dolmens, huge earthen tumuli, great flagged sepulchres, and enclosures of tall pillar-stones.

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**Who acts:** country · **What happens:** be, flag

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (country), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:1:4
# text = No country in Europe is without its cromlechs and dolmens, huge earthen tumuli, great flagged sepulchres, and enclosures of tall pillar-stones.
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	without	without	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	cromlechs	cromlech	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	dolmens	dolmen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	earthen	earthen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	tumuli	tumuli	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	flagged	flag	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	amod	_	_
18	sepulchres	sepulchre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	enclosures	enclosure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
23	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
24	pillar	pillar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | no country in Europe |  |  |  |  | without country's cromlechs and dolmens and huge earthen tumuli and great flagged sepulchres and enclosures of tall pillar stones; dolmens *conj*; huge earthen tumuli *conj*; great flagged sepulchres *conj*; enclosures of tall pillar stones *conj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **flag** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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