---
title: The mounds of Tara, the great barrows along the shores of the Boyne,… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: The mounds of Tara, the great barrows along the shores of the Boyne, the raths of Slieve Mish, and Rathcrogan, and Teltown, the stone caiseals of Aran and Innishowen, and those that alone or in smaller groups stud the country over, are all, or nearly all, mentioned in this ancient literature, with t
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 57

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The mounds of Tara, the great barrows along the shores of the Boyne, the raths of Slieve Mish, and Rathcrogan, and Teltown, the stone caiseals of Aran and Innishowen, and those that alone or in smaller groups stud the country over, are all, or nearly all, mentioned in this ancient literature, with the names and traditional histories of those over whom they were raised.

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**What happens:** stud over, mention, raise · **To what, where:** country, ancient literature, groups, mounds

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:1:57
# text = The mounds of Tara, the great barrows along the shores of the Boyne, the raths of Slieve Mish, and Rathcrogan, and Teltown, the stone caiseals of Aran and Innishowen, and those that alone or in smaller groups stud the country over, are all, or nearly all, mentioned in this ancient literature, with the names and traditional histories of those over whom they were raised.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mounds	mound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Tara	Tara	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	barrows	barrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
9	along	along	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	shores	shore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	Boyne	Boyne	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	raths	rath	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Slieve	Slieve	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	Mish	Mish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	Rathcrogan	Rathcrogan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	Teltown	Teltown	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	caiseals	caiseal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Aran	Aran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	Innishowen	Innishowen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
37	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	conj	_	_
38	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	44	nsubj	_	_
39	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	44	advmod	_	_
40	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
41	in	in	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
42	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	43	amod	_	_
43	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj	_	_
44	stud	stud	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	37	acl:relcl	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
46	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obj	_	_
47	over	over	ADV	RB	_	44	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
49	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	54	cop	_	_
50	all	all	ADV	RB	_	54	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
52	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	54	cc	_	_
53	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	54	advmod	_	_
54	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	37	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	56	punct	_	_
56	mentioned	mention	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	acl	_	_
57	in	in	ADP	IN	_	60	case	_	_
58	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	60	det	_	_
59	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	60	amod	_	_
60	literature	literature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	56	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
61	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
62	with	with	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
63	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	64	det	_	_
64	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	nmod	_	_
65	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	67	cc	_	_
66	traditional	traditional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	67	amod	_	_
67	histories	history	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	64	conj	_	_
68	of	of	ADP	IN	_	69	case	_	_
69	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	67	nmod	_	_
70	over	over	ADV	RB	_	71	advmod	_	_
71	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	74	obj	_	_
72	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	74	nsubj:pass	_	_
73	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	74	aux:pass	_	_
74	raised	raise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	69	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
75	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stud over** | present |  | the country |  |  |  | smaller groups *nsubj*; alone, over *property* | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme country=Destination |
| 2 | **mention** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  | this ancient literature |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **raise** | past · passive |  | groups *= group* |  |  |  | whom *obj* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP ADVP»: subject=Theme whom=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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