---
title: All the nations of Europe lived at one time under the bardic and dru… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: All the nations of Europe lived at one time under the bardic and druidic system, and under that system imagined their gods and elaborated their various theogonies, yet, in no country in Europe has a bardic literature been preserved except in Ireland, for no thinking man can believe Homer to have bee
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Firbolgs and Third Cycle of the Fomoroh., sentence 89

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All the nations of Europe lived at one time under the bardic and druidic system, and under that system imagined their gods and elaborated their various theogonies, yet, in no country in Europe has a bardic literature been preserved except in Ireland, for no thinking man can believe Homer to have been a product of that rude type of civilisation of which he sings.

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**Who acts:** nations, thinking man, nation · **What happens:** live, imagine, elaborate, have, preserve, believe · **To what, where:** bardic system, gods, system, various theogonies, country, bardic literature · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Firbolgs and Third Cycle of the Fomoroh.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (nations, thinking man, nation), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:10:89
# text = All the nations of Europe lived at one time under the bardic and druidic system, and under that system imagined their gods and elaborated their various theogonies, yet, in no country in Europe has a bardic literature been preserved except in Ireland, for no thinking man can believe Homer to have been a product of that rude type of civilisation of which he sings.
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	3	det:predet	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	nations	nation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	under	under	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
12	bardic	bardic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	druidic	druidic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	_
15	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
18	under	under	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	20	det	_	_
20	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
21	imagined	imagine	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
22	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	elaborated	elaborate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
26	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
27	various	various	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	theogonies	theogony	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
30	yet	yet	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
32	in	in	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	34	det	_	_
34	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	_
37	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
38	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
39	bardic	bardic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	literature	literature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	nsubj:pass	_	_
41	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	42	aux:pass	_	_
42	preserved	preserve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	parataxis	_	_
43	except	except	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
44	in	in	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
45	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	52	punct	_	_
47	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	52	mark	_	_
48	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	50	det	_	_
49	thinking	thinking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	compound	_	_
50	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	nsubj	_	_
51	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	52	aux	_	_
52	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	42	parataxis	_	_
53	Homer	Homer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	52	obj	_	_
54	to	to	PART	TO	_	58	mark	_	_
55	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	58	aux	_	_
56	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	58	cop	_	_
57	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	58	det	_	_
58	product	product	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	ccomp	_	_
59	of	of	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
60	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	62	det	_	_
61	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	62	amod	_	_
62	type	type	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	58	nmod	_	_
63	of	of	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
64	civilisation	civilisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	62	nmod	_	_
65	of	of	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
66	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	68	obl	_	_
67	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	68	nsubj	_	_
68	sings	sing	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	64	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
69	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | all nations of Europe |  |  | the bardic system | time |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under system=Location |
| 2 | **imagine** | past |  | gods's gods |  | that system |  |  | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot god=Theme |
| 3 | **elaborate** *speech: other* | past |  | gods's various theogonies |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **have** | present |  |  |  | no country in Europe |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **preserve** | participle · passive |  | a bardic literature |  |  |  | except Ireland | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary |
| 6 | **believe** | can | no thinking man | Homer |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer homer=Stimulus |
| 7 | **is a** | to-infinitive · perfect |  | a product |  |  |  | of that rude type of civilisation | tree rules |
| 8 | **sing** *speech: express* | present | nation |  |  |  |  | of civilisation | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location |
| 9 | **type** |  |  | civilisation |  |  |  |  | nom type «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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