---
title: But in Irish literature there has been preserved, along with the _fa… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: But in Irish literature there has been preserved, along with the _fasti_ and the laws, this immense mass of ancient ballad, tale, and epic, whose origin is lost in the mists of extreme antiquity, and in which have been preserved the characters, relationships, adventures, and achievements of the vast
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 2, sentence 56

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But in Irish literature there has been preserved, along with the \_fasti\_ and the laws, this immense mass of ancient ballad, tale, and epic, whose origin is lost in the mists of extreme antiquity, and in which have been preserved the characters, relationships, adventures, and achievements of the vast majority of the personages whose names, in a gaunt nakedness, fill the books of the chroniclers.

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**Who acts:** achievements, personages · **What happens:** preserve, lose, fill, mist, achieve, name · **To what, where:** Irish literature, origin, mists, characters, books, extreme antiquity

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (achievements, personages), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:2:56
# text = But in Irish literature there has been preserved, along with the _fasti_ and the laws, this immense mass of ancient ballad, tale, and epic, whose origin is lost in the mists of extreme antiquity, and in which have been preserved the characters, relationships, adventures, and achievements of the vast majority of the personages whose names, in a gaunt nakedness, fill the books of the chroniclers.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	Irish	Irish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	literature	literature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
5	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	8	expl	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	preserved	preserve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	along	along	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	fasti	fasti	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	14	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	22	det	_	_
21	immense	immense	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	mass	mass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	appos	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	ballad	ballad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	tale	tale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	epic	epic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
32	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	33	nmod:poss	_	_
33	origin	origin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nsubj:pass	_	_
34	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	aux:pass	_	_
35	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	30	conj	_	_
36	in	in	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	mists	mist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	obl	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	extreme	extreme	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
41	antiquity	antiquity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	48	punct	_	_
43	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
44	in	in	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
45	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	48	obl	_	_
46	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	48	aux	_	_
47	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	48	aux:pass	_	_
48	preserved	preserve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
49	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
50	characters	character	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	48	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	52	punct	_	_
52	relationships	relationship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
54	adventures	adventure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	73	punct	_	_
56	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	73	cc	_	_
57	achievements	achievement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	73	nsubj	_	_
58	of	of	ADP	IN	_	61	case	_	_
59	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	61	det	_	_
60	vast	vast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	61	amod	_	_
61	majority	majority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	57	nmod	_	_
62	of	of	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
63	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	64	det	_	_
64	personages	personage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	61	nmod	_	_
65	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	66	nmod:poss	_	_
66	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	64	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	71	punct	_	_
68	in	in	ADP	IN	_	71	case	_	_
69	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	71	det	_	_
70	gaunt	gaunt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	71	amod	_	_
71	nakedness	nakedness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	66	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	73	punct	_	_
73	fill	fill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
74	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	75	det	_	_
75	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	73	obj	_	_
76	of	of	ADP	IN	_	78	case	_	_
77	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	78	det	_	_
78	chroniclers	chronicler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	75	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
79	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **preserve** | present · perfect · passive |  |  |  | Irish literature; there |  | along the fasti and the laws | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S\_ING» |
| 2 | **lose** | present · passive |  | origin |  | the mists of extreme antiquity |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 3 | **preserve** | present · perfect · passive |  | the characters and relationships and adventures |  |  |  | which *obl* | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: character=Beneficiary |
| 4 | **fill** | infinitive | achievements of the vast majority of the personages  the personages  names's names in a gaunt nakedness | the books of the chroniclers |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent book=Patient |
| 5 | **mist** |  |  | extreme antiquity |  |  |  |  | nom mist «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
| 6 | **achieve** |  |  | the vast majority of the personages  the personages  names in a gaunt nakedness's names in a gaunt nakedness |  |  |  |  | nom achievement «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 7 | **name** |  | the personages  the personages  names in a gaunt nakedness's names in a gaunt nakedness |  |  | a gaunt nakedness |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent in=place |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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