---
title: The earliest manuscript of these tales is the Leabhar [Note: Leabar… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: The earliest manuscript of these tales is the Leabhar [Note: Leabar na Heera.] na Huidhre, a work of the eleventh century, so that we may feel sure that we have them in a condition unimpaired by the revival of learning, or any archaeological restoration or improvement. Who acts: earliest manuscript,
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3, sentence 1

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The earliest manuscript of these tales is the Leabhar \[Note: Leabar na Heera.\] na Huidhre, a work of the eleventh century, so that we may feel sure that we have them in a condition unimpaired by the revival of learning, or any archaeological restoration or improvement.

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**Who acts:** earliest manuscript, we, eleventh century · **What happens:** be, feel, have, unimpair, work, revive · **To what, where:** Leabhar Note, Leabar, condition, learning

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (earliest manuscript, we, eleventh century), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:3:1
# text = The earliest manuscript of these tales is the Leabhar [Note: Leabar na Heera.] na Huidhre, a work of the eleventh century, so that we may feel sure that we have them in a condition unimpaired by the revival of learning, or any archaeological restoration or improvement.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	earliest	early	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
3	manuscript	manuscript	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	Leabhar	Leabhar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
10	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
13	Leabar	Leabar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
14	na	na	ADV	GW	Typo=Yes	13	flat:foreign	_	_
15	Heera	Heera	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	goeswith	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	_
18	na	na	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	19	flat:foreign	_	_
19	Huidhre	Huidhre	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	eleventh	eleventh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	26	amod	_	_
26	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
28	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	32	mark	_	_
29	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	28	fixed	_	_
30	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
31	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
32	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	parataxis	_	_
33	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	xcomp	_	_
34	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	36	mark	_	_
35	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj	_	_
36	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	ccomp	_	_
37	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	obj	_	_
38	in	in	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	_
41	unimpaired	unimpair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	40	acl	_	_
42	by	by	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	revival	revival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	obl	_	_
45	of	of	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
46	learning	learning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	_
48	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	51	cc	_	_
49	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	51	det	_	_
50	archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	51	amod	_	_
51	restoration	restoration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	conj	_	_
52	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	53	cc	_	_
53	improvement	improvement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	51	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the earliest manuscript of this tales | the Leabhar Note |  |  |  | Leabar and na Huidhre *appos* | tree rules |
| 2 | **feel** | may | we |  |  |  |  | sure *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 3 | **have** | present | we | Leabar |  | a condition or any archaeological restoration or improvement |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 4 | **unimpair** | participle |  | a condition or any archaeological restoration or improvement *not said here* |  |  |  | by the revival of learning | tree rules |
| 5 | **work** |  | the eleventh century |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: of=agent |
| 6 | **revive** |  |  | learning |  |  |  |  | nom revival «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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