--- title: For instance, if a king is represented as crossing the sea, we find… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics description: For instance, if a king is represented as crossing the sea, we find that the causes leading to this, the place whence he set out, his companions, &c., are derived from the authorities, but the bard, at the same time, permits himself to give what seems to him to be an eloquent or beautiful descriptio --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8109/3/37/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8109/) / [Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., par…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8109/3/) / 37 # Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3, sentence 37 For instance, if a king is represented as crossing the sea, we find that the causes leading to this, the place whence he set out, his companions, &c., are derived from the authorities, but the bard, at the same time, permits himself to give what seems to him to be an eloquent or beautiful description of the sea, and the appearance presented by the many-oared galleys. **Who acts:** we, causes, king, bard · **What happens:** represent, cross, find, lead, set out, derive · **To what, where:** king, sea, causes, authorities, eloquent description, appearance This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, causes, king, bard), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg8109:3:37 # text = For instance, if a king is represented as crossing the sea, we find that the causes leading to this, the place whence he set out, his companions, &c., are derived from the authorities, but the bard, at the same time, permits himself to give what seems to him to be an eloquent or beautiful description of the sea, and the appearance presented by the many-oared galleys. 1 For for ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 instance instance NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 if if SCONJ IN _ 8 mark _ _ 5 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 6 king king NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 7 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux:pass _ _ 8 represented represent VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 9 as as SCONJ IN _ 10 mark _ _ 10 crossing cross VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 8 advcl _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 13 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 14 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 15 find find VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 parataxis _ _ 16 that that SCONJ IN _ 18 mark _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 causes cause NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 19 leading lead VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 18 acl _ _ 20 to to ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 this this PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 19 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 22 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 place place NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 conj _ _ 25 whence whence ADV WRB PronType=Int 27 advmod _ _ 26 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 nsubj _ _ 27 set set VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 24 acl:relcl _ _ 28 out out ADP RP _ 27 compound:prt _ SpaceAfter=No 29 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 30 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 31 nmod:poss _ _ 31 companions companion NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 32 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 33 & & CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ SpaceAfter=No 34 c. c. NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 35 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 36 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 37 aux:pass _ _ 37 derived derive VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 15 conj _ _ 38 from from ADP IN _ 40 case _ _ 39 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 40 det _ _ 40 authorities authority NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 41 , , PUNCT , _ 51 punct _ _ 42 but but CCONJ CC _ 51 cc _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 44 bard bard NOUN NN Number=Sing 51 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 45 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 46 at at ADP IN _ 49 case _ _ 47 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 49 det _ _ 48 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 49 amod _ _ 49 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 50 , , PUNCT , _ 44 punct _ _ 51 permits permit VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 conj _ _ 52 himself himself PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 51 obj _ _ 53 to to PART TO _ 54 mark _ _ 54 give give VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 51 advcl _ _ 55 what what PRON WP PronType=Int 56 nsubj _ _ 56 seems seem VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 54 ccomp _ _ 57 to to ADP IN _ 58 case _ _ 58 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 56 obl _ _ 59 to to PART TO _ 65 mark _ _ 60 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 65 cop _ _ 61 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 65 det _ _ 62 eloquent eloquent ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 65 amod _ _ 63 or or CCONJ CC _ 64 cc _ _ 64 beautiful beautiful ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 62 conj _ _ 65 description description NOUN NN Number=Sing 56 xcomp _ _ 66 of of ADP IN _ 68 case _ _ 67 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 68 det _ _ 68 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 65 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 69 , , PUNCT , _ 73 punct _ _ 70 and and CCONJ CC _ 73 cc _ _ 71 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 72 det _ _ 72 appearance appearance NOUN NN Number=Sing 73 nsubj:pass _ _ 73 presented present VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 8 conj _ _ 74 by by ADP IN _ 79 case _ _ 75 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 79 det _ _ 76 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 78 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 77 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 76 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 78 oared oar VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 79 amod _ _ 79 galleys galley NOUN NNS Number=Plur 73 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 80 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **represent** | present · passive | | a king | | | | for instance | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme for instance=Attribute | | 2 | **cross** | gerund | | the sea | | | | | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sea=Patient | | 3 | **find** | present | we | the causes and the place and king's companions | | | | c. *obl* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cause=Topic | | 4 | **lead** | gerund | the causes and the place and king's companions *not said here* | | | | | to this | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to this=Patient | | 5 | **set out** | past | king | | | | | whence *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **derive** | present · passive | we *not said here* | | | the authorities | | | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: from authority=Material | | 7 | **permit** | present | the bard and the same time | king | | | | | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himself=Theme | | 8 | **give** | to-infinitive | the bard and the same time *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 9 | **seem** | present | | | king | | | what *nsubj* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme | | 10 | **is a** | to-infinitive | | a eloquent description | | | | of the sea | tree rules | | 11 | **present** | participle · passive | | the appearance | | | | by the oared galleys | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 12 | **oar** | participle | | | | | | | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 36](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8109/3/36/) - next →: [sentence 38](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8109/3/38/) - ↑ back to [Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8109/3/)