---
title: These were all topical heroes, founders of nations, and believed, by… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: These were all topical heroes, founders of nations, and believed, by the tribes and tribal confederacies which they founded, to have been in their day the chief kings of Ireland. Who acts: These, confederacies. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Liter
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3, sentence 48

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These were all topical heroes, founders of nations, and believed, by the tribes and tribal confederacies which they founded, to have been in their day the chief kings of Ireland.

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**Who acts:** These, confederacies · **What happens:** be, believe, found, have · **To what, where:** topical heroes, tribes, chief kings

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (These, confederacies), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:3:48
# text = These were all topical heroes, founders of nations, and believed, by the tribes and tribal confederacies which they founded, to have been in their day the chief kings of Ireland.
1	These	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	all	all	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	topical	topical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	heroes	hero	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	founders	founder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	nations	nation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	believed	believe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	tribal	tribal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	confederacies	confederacy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	_
20	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	22	obj	_	_
21	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	founded	found	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	parataxis	_	_
26	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	32	cop	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
31	chief	chief	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | These | topical heroes and founders of nations |  |  |  | founders of nations *conj*; all *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **believe** | participle | These *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by the tribes and tribal confederacies | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **found** | past | confederacies *= confederacy* | the tribes and tribal confederacies |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Patient |
| 4 | **have** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is a** | participle |  | the chief kings |  |  | day | of Ireland | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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