---
title: We have, therefore, a tale penned in the eleventh century, composed… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: We have, therefore, a tale penned in the eleventh century, composed at some time prior to this, and itself collected, not from oral tradition, but from books. Who acts: We, author. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3, with 
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3, sentence 7

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We have, therefore, a tale penned in the eleventh century, composed at some time prior to this, and itself collected, not from oral tradition, but from books.

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**Who acts:** We, author · **What happens:** have, pen, compose, collect · **To what, where:** tale, oral tradition

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We, author), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:3:7
# text = We have, therefore, a tale penned in the eleventh century, composed at some time prior to this, and itself collected, not from oral tradition, but from books.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	tale	tale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
8	penned	pen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	eleventh	eleventh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	12	amod	_	_
12	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	composed	compose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
15	at	at	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	17	det	_	_
17	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	prior	prior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	24	nsubj	_	_
24	collected	collect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
26	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	29	advmod	_	_
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	oral	oral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	tradition	tradition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	from	from	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | We |  |  |  |  | a tale *parataxis*; therefore *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pen** | participle |  | a tale *not said here* |  |  | century |  | vn pocket-9.10 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **compose** | participle |  | a tale *not said here* |  |  | time |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **collect** | past | author | oral tradition but books |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tradition=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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