---
title: The dawn of English history is in the seventh century--a late dawn,… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: The dawn of English history is in the seventh century--a late dawn, dark and sombre, without a ray of cheerful sunshine; that of Ireland dates reliably from a point before the commencement of the Christian era luminous with that light which never was on sea or land--thronged with heroic forms of men
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3, sentence 77

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The dawn of English history is in the seventh century--a late dawn, dark and sombre, without a ray of cheerful sunshine; that of Ireland dates reliably from a point before the commencement of the Christian era luminous with that light which never was on sea or land--thronged with heroic forms of men and women--terrible with the presence of the supernatural and its over-arching power.

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**Who acts:** dawn, that, light · **What happens:** be, date, not be, throng, over-arch, ray · **To what, where:** point, sea, cheerful sunshine, men

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dawn, that, light), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:3:77
# text = The dawn of English history is in the seventh century--a late dawn, dark and sombre, without a ray of cheerful sunshine; that of Ireland dates reliably from a point before the commencement of the Christian era luminous with that light which never was on sea or land--thronged with heroic forms of men and women--terrible with the presence of the supernatural and its over-arching power.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dawn	dawn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	seventh	seventh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	dawn	dawn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	sombre	sombre	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	without	without	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	ray	ray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	cheerful	cheerful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	sunshine	sunshine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
27	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	30	nsubj	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
30	dates	date	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
31	reliably	reliably	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
32	from	from	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
35	before	before	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	commencement	commencement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
40	Christian	Christian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
41	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	_
42	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
43	with	with	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
44	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	45	det	_	_
45	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obl	_	_
46	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	50	nsubj	_	_
47	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	50	advmod	_	_
48	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	50	cop	_	_
49	on	on	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
50	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	acl:relcl	_	_
51	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	52	cc	_	_
52	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	thronged	throng	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	conj	_	_
55	with	with	ADP	IN	_	57	case	_	_
56	heroic	heroic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	57	amod	_	_
57	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	54	obl	_	_
58	of	of	ADP	IN	_	59	case	_	_
59	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	57	nmod	_	_
60	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	61	cc	_	_
61	women	woman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	59	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	63	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
63	terrible	terrible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	59	conj	_	_
64	with	with	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
65	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	66	det	_	_
66	presence	presence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	63	obl	_	_
67	of	of	ADP	IN	_	69	case	_	_
68	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	69	det	_	_
69	supernatural	supernatural	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	66	nmod	_	_
70	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	73	cc	_	_
71	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	73	nmod:poss	_	_
72	over-arching	over-arch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	73	amod	_	_
73	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	66	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
74	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the dawn of English history |  |  |  |  | in the seventh century and a late dawn | tree rules |
| 2 | **date** | present | that of Ireland |  |  | a point | before the commencement of the Christian era | reliably *property* | vn marry-36.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **is** | past | that light |  |  | sea or land |  | land *conj* | tree rules |
| 4 | **throng** | past | that of Ireland *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with heroic forms of men and women | vn swarm-47.5.1-2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with form=Theme |
| 5 | **over-arch** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **ray** |  |  | cheerful sunshine |  |  |  |  | nom ray «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
| 7 | **form** |  |  | men and women |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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