---
title: Astonished at himself, the student, who at first thinks that he has… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: Astonished at himself, the student, who at first thinks that he has chanced upon a crowd of barbarians, ere long finds himself in the august presence of demi-gods and heroes. Who acts: student. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., 
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 4, sentence 91

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Astonished at himself, the student, who at first thinks that he has chanced upon a crowd of barbarians, ere long finds himself in the august presence of demi-gods and heroes.

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**Who acts:** student · **What happens:** astonish, think, chance, find · **To what, where:** crowd, sublimity, august presence · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (student), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:4:91
# text = Astonished at himself, the student, who at first thinks that he has chanced upon a crowd of barbarians, ere long finds himself in the august presence of demi-gods and heroes.
1	Astonished	astonish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	advcl	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	student	student	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	11	obl	_	_
11	thinks	think	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	chanced	chance	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	ccomp	_	_
16	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	barbarians	barbarian	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	ere	ere	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	conj	_	_
24	finds	find	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
25	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	24	obj	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	august	august	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	presence	presence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	demi	demi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nmod	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
35	heroes	hero	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	24	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **astonish** | participle | the student *not said here* |  |  |  |  | at sublimity | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | present | the student |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **chance** | present · perfect | student |  |  | a crowd of barbarians |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon crowd=Location |
| 4 | **find** | present | the student | sublimity |  | the august presence of demi gods and heroes |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himself=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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