---
title: But he saw, too, that the historical origin of the ballads, and the… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: But he saw, too, that the historical origin of the ballads, and the position in time and place of the heroes whom they praised, had been lost in that colony removed since the time of St. Columba from its old connection with the mother country. Who acts: MacPherson, ballads. A sentence of «Early Bard
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5, sentence 19

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But he saw, too, that the historical origin of the ballads, and the position in time and place of the heroes whom they praised, had been lost in that colony removed since the time of St. Columba from its old connection with the mother country.

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**Who acts:** MacPherson, ballads · **What happens:** see, praise, lose, remove · **To what, where:** historical origin, heroes, position, colony

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (MacPherson, ballads), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:5:19
# text = But he saw, too, that the historical origin of the ballads, and the position in time and place of the heroes whom they praised, had been lost in that colony removed since the time of St. Columba from its old connection with the mother country.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	too	too	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	historical	historical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	origin	origin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	ballads	ballad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	heroes	hero	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nmod	_	_
25	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	27	obj	_	_
26	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	praised	praise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
29	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
30	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	31	aux:pass	_	_
31	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
32	in	in	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	34	det	_	_
34	colony	colony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	_
35	removed	remove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	34	acl	_	_
36	since	since	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obl	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	St.	St.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	nmod:desc	_	_
41	Columba	Columba	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	nmod	_	_
42	from	from	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
43	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	45	nmod:poss	_	_
44	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	amod	_	_
45	connection	connection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nmod	_	_
46	with	with	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
47	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	49	det	_	_
48	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	49	compound	_	_
49	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | MacPherson | the historical origin of the ballads |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **praise** | past | ballads *= ballad* | the heroes |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent whom=Theme |
| 3 | **lose** | past · perfect · passive |  | the position in time and place of the heroes |  | that colony |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 4 | **remove** | participle |  | that colony *not said here* |  |  | time |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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