---
title: The landmarks of history stand clear and fixed, each in its own plac… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: The landmarks of history stand clear and fixed, each in its own place unremoved; and through that forest-growth the highways of history run on beneath over-arching, not interfering, boughs. Who acts: landmarks, highways. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Ba
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5, sentence 39

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The landmarks of history stand clear and fixed, each in its own place unremoved; and through that forest-growth the highways of history run on beneath over-arching, not interfering, boughs.

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**Who acts:** landmarks, highways · **What happens:** stand, fix, run, not interfere · **To what, where:** each, forest growth, boughs

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (landmarks, highways), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:5:39
# text = The landmarks of history stand clear and fixed, each in its own place unremoved; and through that forest-growth the highways of history run on beneath over-arching, not interfering, boughs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	landmarks	landmark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	stand	stand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	fixed	fix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	obl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
13	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	unremoved	unremoved	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
18	through	through	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
19	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	22	det	_	_
20	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	highways	highway	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
27	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
28	on	on	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	over-arching	over-arching	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
32	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	33	advmod	_	_
33	interfering	interfere	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	27	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
35	boughs	bough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | the landmarks of history | each in history's own place |  |  |  | clear *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fix** | participle | the landmarks of history *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **run** | present | the highways of history |  |  | that forest growth |  | on over-arching | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through growth=Trajectory |
| 4 | **not** **interfere** | gerund | the highways of history *not said here* | boughs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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