---
title: In the more ancient times, such records were rhymed and alliterated,… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: In the more ancient times, such records were rhymed and alliterated, and committed to memory--a practice which, we may believe on the authority of Caesar, treating of the Gauls, continued long after the introduction of letters. Who acts: we. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Stand
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5, sentence 57

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In the more ancient times, such records were rhymed and alliterated, and committed to memory--a practice which, we may believe on the authority of Caesar, treating of the Gauls, continued long after the introduction of letters.

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**Who acts:** we · **What happens:** rhyme, alliterate, believe, treat, continue, introduce · **To what, where:** such records, practice, authority, letters

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:5:57
# text = In the more ancient times, such records were rhymed and alliterated, and committed to memory--a practice which, we may believe on the authority of Caesar, treating of the Gauls, continued long after the introduction of letters.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	records	record	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	rhymed	rhyme	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	alliterated	alliterate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	committed	committed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	memory	memory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	_
21	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
23	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
24	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	acl:relcl	_	_
26	on	on	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	Caesar	Caesar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
32	treating	treat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	advcl	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	Gauls	Gaul	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	32	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
37	continued	continue	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
38	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	37	advmod	_	_
39	after	after	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	_
42	of	of	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
43	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	41	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rhyme** | past · passive |  | such records |  |  | time |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **alliterate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **believe** | may | we | a practice |  | the authority of Caesar |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer which=Stimulus |
| 4 | **treat** | gerund | we *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of the Gauls | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **continue** | past |  |  |  |  | after the introduction of letters | long *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **introduce** |  |  | letters |  |  |  |  | nom introduction «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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