---
title: A cypher, i.e., an alphabet derived from a pre-existing alphabet, th… — Early Bardic Literature, Ireland. · tree and pragmatics
description: A cypher, i.e., an alphabet derived from a pre-existing alphabet, the Ogham may or may not have been. A sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5, sentence 70

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A cypher, i.e., an alphabet derived from a pre-existing alphabet, the Ogham may or may not have been.

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**What happens:** derive · **To what, where:** alphabet, pre-existing alphabet, cypher

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This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8109:5:70
# text = A cypher, i.e., an alphabet derived from a pre-existing alphabet, the Ogham may or may not have been.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cypher	cypher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	i.e.	i.e.	ADV	FW	_	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
8	derived	derive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	pre-existing	pre-existing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Ogham	Ogham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
16	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
18	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
19	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	21	advmod	_	_
20	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux	_	_
21	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **derive** | participle |  | a alphabet *not said here* |  | a pre-existing alphabet |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent from alphabet=Material |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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