---
title: They say that it was many, many winters ago when Winona leaped from… — Legends of the Northwest · tree and pragmatics
description: They say that it was many, many winters ago when Winona leaped from the rock--that the rock was then perpendicular to the water's edge and she leaped into the lake, but now the rock has worn away, or the water has receded, so that it does not reach the foot of the rock. Who acts: spirits, Lake, many
---

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# Legends of the Northwest, The Feast of the Virgins., part 8, sentence 21

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They say that it was many, many winters ago when Winona leaped from the rock--that the rock was then perpendicular to the water's edge and she leaped into the lake, but now the rock has worn away, or the water has receded, so that it does not reach the foot of the rock.

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**Who acts:** spirits, Lake, many, rock, Winona · **What happens:** say, be, leap, wear away, recede, not reach · **To what, where:** rock, lake, water, foot · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, The Feast of the Virgins., part 8. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (spirits, Lake, many, rock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8122:15:21
# text = They say that it was many, many winters ago when Winona leaped from the rock--that the rock was then perpendicular to the water's edge and she leaped into the lake, but now the rock has worn away, or the water has receded, so that it does not reach the foot of the rock.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	winters	winter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl:unmarked	_	_
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
12	Winona	Winona	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	leaped	leap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
22	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	23	advmod	_	_
23	perpendicular	perpendicular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
24	to	to	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	's	's	PART	POS	_	26	case	_	_
28	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
30	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
31	leaped	leap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
32	into	into	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
36	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
37	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	41	advmod	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nsubj:pass	_	_
40	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	41	aux	_	_
41	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
42	away	away	ADV	RB	_	41	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	48	punct	_	_
44	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
46	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	nsubj:pass	_	_
47	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	48	aux	_	_
48	receded	recede	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	41	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	55	punct	_	_
50	so	so	ADV	RB	_	55	advmod	_	_
51	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	55	mark	_	_
52	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	55	nsubj	_	_
53	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	55	aux	_	_
54	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	55	advmod	_	_
55	reach	reach	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
56	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	57	det	_	_
57	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	55	obj	_	_
58	of	of	ADP	IN	_	60	case	_	_
59	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	60	det	_	_
60	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	57	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
61	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | spirits *= spirit* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | past | Lake |  |  |  |  | many *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **leap** | past | many |  |  | the rock |  | Winona *nsubj*; ago *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from rock=Trajectory |
| 4 | **is** | past | the rock |  |  |  | then | to the water's edge; perpendicular *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **leap** | past | Winona |  |  | the lake |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into lake=Destination |
| 6 | **wear away** | present · perfect · passive |  | the rock |  |  | now | away *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: subject=Source |
| 7 | **recede** | present · perfect · passive |  | the water |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 8 | **not** **reach** | present · do-support | Lake | the foot of the rock |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent foot=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Project Gutenberg book 8122 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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