--- title: In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3 — Legends of the Northwest · full text with trees description: In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3, «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon: the whole chapter, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics. It begins: [Footnote 3: Pronounced Wah-zeé-yah. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Legends of the Northwest](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/) / In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3 # In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3 In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3 of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon: the whole text, 171 sentences and 2827 words. The small number after every sentence leads to its own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/20/page/2/) \[Footnote 3: Pronounced Wah-zeé-yah.[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") The god of the North, or Winter.[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") A fabled spirit who dwells in the frozen North, in a great teepee of ice and snow.[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") From his mouth and nostrils he blows the cold blasts of winter.[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") He and "I-tó-ka-ga Wi-câs-ta"--the spirit or god of the South (literally the "South Man"), are inveterate enemies, and always on the war-path against each other.[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") In winter Wa-zí-ya advances southward and drives "I-tó-ka-ga Wi-câs-ta" before him to the Summer-Islands.[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") But in Spring the god of the South, having renewed his youth and strength, in the "Happy Hunting Grounds," is able to drive Wa-zí-ya back again to his icy wigwam in the North.[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") Some Dakotas say that the numerous granite boulders, scattered over the prairies of Minnesota and Dakota, were hurled in battle by Wa-zí-ya from his home in the North at "I-tó-ka-ga Wi-câs-ta."[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") The Wa-zí-ya of the Dakotas is substantially the name as "\_Ka-be-bón-ik-ka\_"--the "Winter-maker" of the Ojibways.\][9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 4: Mendota--(meeting of the waters) at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers.[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") See view of the valley—front cut.[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") The true Dakota word is Mdó tè--applied to the mouth of a river flowing into another,--also to the outlet of a lake.\][12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 5: Pronounced Wee-wâh-stay; literally--a beautiful virgin, or woman.\][13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 6: Cetân-wa-ká-wa-mâni--"He who shoots pigeon-hawks walking"--was the full Dakota name of the grandfather of the celebrated "Little Crow" (Ta-ó-ya-te-dú-ta.--His Red People) who led his warriors in the terrible outbreak in Minnesota in 1862-3.[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") The Chippewas called the grandfather "Kâ-kâ-keé"--crow or raven--from his war-badge, a crow-skin; and hence the French traders and \_courriers du bois\_ called him "\_Petit Corbeau\_"--Little Crow.[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") This sobriquet, of which he was proud, descended to his son, Wakínyan Tânka--Big Thunder, who succeeded him as chief; and from Big Thunder to his son Ta-ó-ya-te-dú-ta, who became chief on the death of Wakínyan Tânka.[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") These several "Little Crows" were successively Chiefs of the Light-foot, or Kapóza band of Dakotas.[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") Kapóza, the principal village of this band, was originally located on the east bank of the Mississippi near the site of the city of St. Paul.[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") Col. Minn.[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") Hist.[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") Soc., 1864, p. 29.[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") It was in later years moved to the west bank.[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") The grandfather, whom I, for short, call Wakâwa, died the death of a brave in battle against the Ojibways (commonly called Chippewas)--the hereditary enemies of the Dakotas.[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") Wakínyan Tânka.--Big Thunder, was killed by the accidental discharge of his own gun.[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") They were both buried with their kindred near the "Wakan Teepee," the sacred Cave--(Carver's Cave).[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") Ta-ó-ya-te-dú-ta, the last of the Little Crows, was killed July 3, 1863, near Hutchinson, Minnesota, by one Lamson, and his bones were duly "done up" for the Historical Society of Minnesota.[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") For a part of the foregoing information I am indebted to Gen. H. H. Sibley.[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") See Heard's Hist.[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") Sioux War, and Neill's Hist.[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") Minnesota, Third Edition.\][30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 7: Hârps-te-nâh.[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") The first-born \_daughter\_ of a Dakota is called Winona; the second, Hârpen; the third, Hârpstinâ; the fourth.[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") Wâska; the fifth, Wehârka.[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") The first born \_son\_ is called Chaskè; the second, Hârpam; the third, Hapéda; the fourth, Châtun; the fifth, Hârka.[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") They retain these names till others are given them on account of some action, peculiarity, etc. The females often retain their child-names through life.\][35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 8: Wah-pah-sâh was the hereditary name of a long and illustrious lineof Dakota Chiefs.[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") Wabashaw is a corrupt pronounciation.[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") The name is a contraction of "Wâ-pa-hâ-sa," which is from "Wâ-ha-pa," the standard or pole used in the Dakota dances, and upon which feathers of various colors are tied, and not from "Wâ-pa"--leaf or leaves, as has been generally supposed.[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") Therefore Wâpasa means the Standard--and not the "Leaf-Shaker," as many writers have it.[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") The principal village of these hereditary Chiefs was Ke-úk-sa, or Ke-ó-sa,--where now stands the fair city of Winona.[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") Ke-úk-sa signifies--The village of law-breakers; so-called because this band broke the law or custom of the Dakotas against marrying blood relatives of any degree.[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") I get this information from Rev. Stephen R. Riggs, author of the Dakota Grammar and Dictionary, "\_Takoo Wakan\_," etc. Wapasa, grandfather of the last Chief of that name, and a contemporary of Cetan-Wa-kâ-wa-mâni, was a noted Chief, and a friend of the British in the war of the Revolution.[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") Neill's Hist.[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") Minn., pp.[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") 225-9.\][45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 9: E-hó, E-tó--Exclamations of surprise and delight.\][46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 10: Mah-gâh--The wild-goose.\][47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 11: Teé-peé--A lodge or wigwam, often contracted to "tee."\][48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 12: Pronounced Mahr-peé-yah-doó-tah--literally, Cloud Red.\][49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 13: Pronounced Wahnmdeé--The War-Eagle.[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") Each feather worn by a warrior represents an enemy slain or captured--man, woman or child; but the Dakotas, before they became desperate under the cruel warfare of their enemies, generally spared the lives of their captives, and never killed women or infants, except in rare instances, under the \_lex talionis\_.[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") Neill's Hist.[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") Minn., p. 112.\][53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 14: Mah-tó--The polar bear--\_ursus maritimus\_.[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") The Dakotas say that, in olden times, white bears were often found about Rainy Lake and the Lake of the Woods, in winter, and sometimes as far south as the mouth of the Minnesota.[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") They say one was once killed at White Bear Lake (but a few miles from St. Paul and Minneapolis), and they therefore named the lake Medé Mató--White Bear Lake.\][56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 15: The Hó-hé (Hó-hây) are the Assiniboins or "Stone-roasters."[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") Their home is the region of the Assiniboin river in British America.[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") They speak the Dakota tongue, and originally were a band of that nation.[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") Tradition says a Dakota "Helen" was the cause of the separation and a bloody feud that lasted for many years.[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") The Hohés are called "Stone roasters," because, until recently at least, they used "Wa-ta-pe" kettles and vessels made of birch bark in which they cooked their food.[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") They boiled water in these vessels by heating stones and putting them in the water.[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") The "wa-ta-pe" kettle is made of the fibrous roots of the white cedar, interlaced and tightly woven.[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") When the vessel is soaked it becomes watertight.[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") (Footnote Snelling's) Tales of the North west, p 21.[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") Mackenzie's Travels.\][66](66/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 16: Hey-ó-ka is one of the principal Dakota deities.[67](67/ "tree and pragmatics") He is a Giant, but can change himself into a buffalo, a bear, a fish or a bird.[68](68/ "tree and pragmatics") He is called the Anti-natural God or Spirit.[69](69/ "tree and pragmatics") In summer he shivers with cold, in winter he suffers from heat; he cries when he laughs and he laughs when he cries, &c. He is the reverse of nature in all things.[70](70/ "tree and pragmatics") Heyóka is universally feared and reverenced by the Dakotas, but so severe is the ordeal that the Heyóka Wacípee (the dance to Heyóka) is now rarely celebrated.[71](71/ "tree and pragmatics") It is said that the "Medicine-men" use a secret preparation which enables them to handle fire and dip their hands in boiling water without injury, and thereby gain great \_eclat\_ from the uninitiated.[72](72/ "tree and pragmatics") The chiefs and the leading warriors usually belong to the secret order of "Medicine-men," or "Sons of Unktéhee"--the Spirit of the Waters.\][73](73/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 17: The Dakota name for the moon is Han-yé-tu-wee--literally, Night-Sun.[74](74/ "tree and pragmatics") He is the twin brother of An-pé-tu-wee--the Day Sun. See note 70.\][75](75/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 18: The Dakotas believe that the stars are the spirits of their departed friends.\][76](76/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 19: Tee--Contracted from teepee, lodge or wigwam, and means the same.\][77](77/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 20: For all their sacred feasts the Dakotas kindle a new fire called "The Virgin Fire."[78](78/ "tree and pragmatics") This is done with flint and steel, or by rubbing together pieces of wood till friction produces fire.[79](79/ "tree and pragmatics") It must be done by a virgin, nor must any woman, except a virgin, ever touch the "sacred armor" of a Dakota warrior.[80](80/ "tree and pragmatics") White cedar is "Wakân"--sacred.[81](81/ "tree and pragmatics") See note 50.[82](82/ "tree and pragmatics") Riggs' "Tahkoo Wakân," p. 84.\][83](83/ "tree and pragmatics") \[Footnote 21: All Northern Indians consider the East a mysterious and sacred land whence comes the sun. The Dakota name for the East is Wee-yo-heé-yan-pa--the sunrise.[84](84/ "tree and pragmatics") The Ojibways call it Waub-ó-nong--the white land or land of light, and they have many myths, legends and traditions relating thereto.[85](85/ "tree and pragmatics") Barbarous peoples of all times have regarded the East with superstitious reverence, simply because the sun rises in that quarter.\][86](86/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/20/page/2/) - ← previous: [In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/19/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/20/page/2/) - ↑ back to [Legends of the Northwest](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/)