---
title: [Footnote 32: The Dakotas believe that thunder is produced by the fl… — Legends of the Northwest · tree and pragmatics
description: [Footnote 32: The Dakotas believe that thunder is produced by the flapping of the wings of an immense bird which they call Wakínyan--the Thunder-bird. Who acts: Dakotas, flapping. A sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3, with its dependen
---

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# Legends of the Northwest, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3, sentence 115

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\[Footnote 32: The Dakotas believe that thunder is produced by the flapping of the wings of an immense bird which they call Wakínyan--the Thunder-bird.

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**Who acts:** Dakotas, flapping · **What happens:** believe, produce, call, flap · **To what, where:** Footnote, thunder, immense bird, wings · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dakotas, flapping), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8122:20:115
# text = [Footnote 32: The Dakotas believe that thunder is produced by the flapping of the wings of an immense bird which they call Wakínyan--the Thunder-bird.
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Footnote	footnote	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	32	32	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Dakotas	dakota	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	thunder	thunder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	produced	produce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	ccomp	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	flapping	flapping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	immense	immense	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
22	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	24	obj	_	_
23	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	_
25	Wakínyan	Wakínyan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
28	Thunder	Thunder	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present | the Dakotas | Footnote and the Thunder bird *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **produce** | present · passive | the flapping of the wings of a immense bird | thunder |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result |
| 3 | **call** | present | Dakotas *= dakota* | a immense bird |  |  |  | Wakínyan *xcomp* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent which=Recipient |
| 5 | **flap** |  |  | the wings of a immense bird |  |  |  |  | nom flapping «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Project Gutenberg book 8122 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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