---
title: I found in this cave many Indian hieroglyphics, which appeared very… — Legends of the Northwest · tree and pragmatics
description: I found in this cave many Indian hieroglyphics, which appeared very ancient, for time had nearly covered them with moss, so that it was with difficulty I could trace them. Who acts: I, many Indian hieroglyphics, pebble. A sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measur
---

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# Legends of the Northwest, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3, sentence 146

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I found in this cave many Indian hieroglyphics, which appeared very ancient, for time had nearly covered them with moss, so that it was with difficulty I could trace them.

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**Who acts:** I, many Indian hieroglyphics, pebble · **What happens:** find, appear, cover, be, trace · **To what, where:** cave, time, hieroglyphics

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, many Indian hieroglyphics, pebble), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8122:20:146
# text = I found in this cave many Indian hieroglyphics, which appeared very ancient, for time had nearly covered them with moss, so that it was with difficulty I could trace them.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	hieroglyphics	hieroglyphic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	appeared	appear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
12	very	very	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
16	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
20	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obj	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	moss	moss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
24	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	29	mark	_	_
25	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	24	fixed	_	_
26	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
27	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_
28	with	with	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	parataxis	_	_
30	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
31	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
32	trace	trace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	acl:relcl	_	_
33	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | I |  |  | this cave |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **appear** | past | many Indian hieroglyphics |  |  |  |  | which *nsubj*; ancient *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **cover** | past · perfect · passive |  | time |  |  |  | with moss; hieroglyphics *= hieroglyphic* *obj*; nearly *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | past | pebble |  |  |  |  | with difficulty | tree rules |
| 5 | **trace** | could | I | hieroglyphics *= hieroglyphic* |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Project Gutenberg book 8122 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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