---
title: [Footnote 18: The Dakotas believe that the stars are the spirits of… — Legends of the Northwest · tree and pragmatics
description: [Footnote 18: The Dakotas believe that the stars are the spirits of their departed friends.] Who acts: Dakotas, stars. A sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends of the Northwest, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3, sentence 76

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\[Footnote 18: The Dakotas believe that the stars are the spirits of their departed friends.\]

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**Who acts:** Dakotas, stars · **What happens:** believe, be · **To what, where:** Footnote, spirits · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dakotas, stars), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8122:20:76
# text = [Footnote 18: The Dakotas believe that the stars are the spirits of their departed friends.]
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Footnote	footnote	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	18	18	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Dakotas	dakota	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	spirits	spirit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	ccomp	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
16	departed	departed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present | the Dakotas | Footnote *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer footnote=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the stars | the spirits |  |  |  | of stars's departed friends | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Project Gutenberg book 8122 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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