--- title: [Footnote 52: The Dakotas believe in "were-wolves" as firmly as did… — Legends of the Northwest · tree and pragmatics description: [Footnote 52: The Dakotas believe in "were-wolves" as firmly as did our Saxon ancestors, and for similar reasons--the howl of the wolf being often imitated as a decoy or signal by their enemies, the Ojibways.] Who acts: Dakotas, enemies, wolf. A sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lenn --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/21/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Legends of the Northwest](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/) / [In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/21/) / 11 # Legends of the Northwest, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 4, sentence 11 \[Footnote 52: The Dakotas believe in "were-wolves" as firmly as did our Saxon ancestors, and for similar reasons--the howl of the wolf being often imitated as a decoy or signal by their enemies, the Ojibways.\] **Who acts:** Dakotas, enemies, wolf · **What happens:** believe, be, do, imitate, howl · **To what, where:** wolves, Saxon ancestors, similar reasons, Footnote · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dakotas, enemies, wolf), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg8122:21:11 # text = [Footnote 52: The Dakotas believe in "were-wolves" as firmly as did our Saxon ancestors, and for similar reasons--the howl of the wolf being often imitated as a decoy or signal by their enemies, the Ojibways.] 1 [ [ PUNCT -LRB- _ 2 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 2 Footnote footnote NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 3 52 52 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 2 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 4 : : PUNCT : _ 7 punct _ _ 5 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 6 Dakotas dakota NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nsubj _ _ 7 believe believe VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 8 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 9 " " PUNCT `` _ 12 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 10 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ SpaceAfter=No 11 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 12 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 12 wolves wolf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 13 " " PUNCT '' _ 12 punct _ _ 14 as as ADV RB _ 15 advmod _ _ 15 firmly firmly ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _ 16 as as SCONJ IN _ 17 mark _ _ 17 did do VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 advcl _ _ 18 our our PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ _ 19 Saxon Saxon PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 compound _ _ 20 ancestors ancestor NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 21 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 23 for for ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 similar similar ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 25 reasons reason NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 26 -- -- PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 howl howl NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 appos _ _ 29 of of ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 30 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 31 wolf wolf NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nmod _ _ 32 being be AUX VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 34 aux:pass _ _ 33 often often ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 34 imitated imitate VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 25 acl:relcl _ _ 35 as as ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 36 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 37 decoy decoy NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 obl _ _ 38 or or CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 39 signal signal NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 conj _ _ 40 by by ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 42 nmod:poss _ _ 42 enemies enemy NOUN NNS Number=Plur 34 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 43 , , PUNCT , _ 45 punct _ _ 44 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 45 Ojibways Ojibway PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 42 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 46 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 47 ] ] PUNCT -RRB- _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **believe** | present | the Dakotas | | | | | similar reasons *conj* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer | | 2 | **is** *in a quote* | past | | | | wolves | | | tree rules | | 3 | **do** | past | the Dakotas *not said here* | our Saxon ancestors | | | | firmly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ancestor=Eventuality | | 4 | **imitate** | gerund · passive | Dakotas's enemies and the Ojibways | similar reasons *not said here* | | | | as a decoy or signal *result*; often *property* | vn patent-101 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent as decoy=Result | | 6 | **howl** | | the wolf | | | | | | nom howl «communication intransitive»: of=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Project Gutenberg book 8122 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/21/10/) - next →: [sentence 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/21/12/) - ↑ back to [In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8122/21/)