---
title: Last night I stood by his lodge, and lo I heard the voice of the Lit… — Legends of the Northwest · tree and pragmatics
description: Last night I stood by his lodge, and lo I heard the voice of the Little Crow; But the fox is sly and his words were low. Who acts: I, fox, words, cloud. A sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Heyóka Wacípee [16]--the Giant's Dance., with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Legends of the Northwest, Heyóka Wacípee \[16\]--the Giant's Dance., sentence 111

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Last night I stood by his lodge, and lo I heard the voice of the Little Crow; But the fox is sly and his words were low.

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**Who acts:** I, fox, words, cloud · **What happens:** stand, hear, be, word · **To what, where:** voice

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Heyóka Wacípee \[16\]--the Giant's Dance.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, fox, words, cloud), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8122:7:111
# text = Last night I stood by his lodge, and lo I heard the voice of the Little Crow; But the fox is sly and his words were low.
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	lodge	lodge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	lo	lo	INTJ	UH	_	12	discourse	_	_
11	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	Crow	crow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
20	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
24	sly	sly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj	_	_
28	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_
29	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | I |  |  |  | night | by cloud's lodge | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by lodge=Location |
| 2 | **hear** | past | I | the voice of the Little Crow |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer voice=Stimulus |
| 3 | **is** | present | the fox |  |  |  |  | sly *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | past | cloud's words |  |  |  |  | low *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **word** |  | cloud |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Project Gutenberg book 8122 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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