---
title: Altogether three classes of perfumes are employed in Buddhist rites:… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Altogether three classes of perfumes are employed in Buddhist rites: _kō_, or incense-proper, in many varieties—(the word literally means only “fragrant substance”);—_dzukō_, an odorous ointment; and _makkō_, a fragrant powder. Who acts: word. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Open
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Opening, sentence 137

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Altogether three classes of perfumes are employed in Buddhist rites: \_kō\_, or incense-proper, in many varieties—(the word literally means only “fragrant substance”);—\_dzukō\_, an odorous ointment; and \_makkō\_, a fragrant powder.

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**Who acts:** word · **What happens:** employ, mean · **To what, where:** three classes, Buddhist rites, fragrant substance

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (word), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:1:139
# text = Altogether three classes of perfumes are employed in Buddhist rites: _kō_, or incense-proper, in many varieties—(the word literally means only “fragrant substance”);—_dzukō_, an odorous ointment; and _makkō_, a fragrant powder.
1	Altogether	altogether	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	classes	class	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	perfumes	perfume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	Buddhist	buddhist	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	rites	rite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	kō	kō	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	incense	incense	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	proper	proper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	varieties	variety	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj	_	_
28	literally	literally	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
29	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	parataxis	_	_
30	only	only	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
31	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	fragrant	fragrant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	substance	substance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	dzukō	dzukō	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
42	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
43	odorous	odorous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	amod	_	_
44	ointment	ointment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	48	punct	_	_
46	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
47	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	48	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	makkō	makkō	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	39	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	48	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	53	punct	_	_
51	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	53	det	_	_
52	fragrant	fragrant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	53	amod	_	_
53	powder	powder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | present · passive |  | three classes of perfumes |  | Buddhist rites |  | dzukō and a odorous ointment and a fragrant powder *obl* | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present | the word | fragrant substance |  |  |  | literally *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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