---
title: There was no beaten path, nor any mark of former human visitation; a… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: There was no beaten path, nor any mark of former human visitation; and the way was over an endless heaping of tumbled fragments that rolled or turned beneath the foot. Who acts: beaten path, way, tumbled fragments. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening, with its dependency tree
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Opening, sentence 15

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There was no beaten path, nor any mark of former human visitation; and the way was over an endless heaping of tumbled fragments that rolled or turned beneath the foot.

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**Who acts:** beaten path, way, tumbled fragments · **What happens:** be, beat, tumble, roll, turn, mark · **To what, where:** endless heaping, foot, former human visitation

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (beaten path, way, tumbled fragments), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:1:15
# text = There was no beaten path, nor any mark of former human visitation; and the way was over an endless heaping of tumbled fragments that rolled or turned beneath the foot.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
4	beaten	beat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	9	cc	_	_
8	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
9	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	visitation	visitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
18	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
19	over	over	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	endless	endless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	heaping	heaping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	tumbled	tumble	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	amod	_	_
25	fragments	fragment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	_
26	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
27	rolled	roll	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	acl:relcl	_	_
28	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	conj	_	_
30	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | no beaten path nor any mark of former human visitation |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **beat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past | the way |  |  | a endless heaping |  | of tumbled fragments | tree rules |
| 4 | **tumble** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 5 | **roll** | past | tumbled fragments |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **turn** | past | tumbled fragments *not said here* |  |  | the foot |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme beneath foot=Trajectory |
| 7 | **mark** |  |  | former human visitation |  |  |  |  | nom mark «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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