---
title: _Dhyâna_ (called by Japanese Buddhists _Zenjō_) is one of the higher… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: _Dhyâna_ (called by Japanese Buddhists _Zenjō_) is one of the higher forms of meditation. Who acts: Japanese Buddhists, Zenjō. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Opening, sentence 152

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\_Dhyâna\_ (called by Japanese Buddhists \_Zenjō\_) is one of the higher forms of meditation.

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**Who acts:** Japanese Buddhists, Zenjō · **What happens:** call, be, form · **To what, where:** Dhyâna, one, meditation · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Japanese Buddhists, Zenjō), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:1:155
# text = _Dhyâna_ (called by Japanese Buddhists _Zenjō_) is one of the higher forms of meditation.
1	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Dhyâna	Dhyâna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	2	punct	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	Japanese	Japanese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	Buddhists	Buddhist	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Zenjō	Zenjō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	parataxis	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	18	amod	_	_
18	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	meditation	meditation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** *speech: assert* | participle · passive | Japanese Buddhists | Dhyâna |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Zenjō | one |  |  |  | of the higher forms of meditation | tree rules |
| 3 | **form** |  |  | meditation |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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