---
title: All,—all without exception,—have been yours, in the billions of your… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: All,—all without exception,—have been yours, in the billions of your former lives.” Who acts: All. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Opening, sentence 48

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All,—all without exception,—have been yours, in the billions of your former lives.”

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**Who acts:** All · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** yours

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (All), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:1:48
# text = All,—all without exception,—have been yours, in the billions of your former lives.”
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	1	conj	_	_
5	without	without	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	exception	exception	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	cop	_	_
11	yours	your	PRON	PRP	Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	billions	billion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	appos	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	lives	life	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present · perfect | All | yours |  |  |  | the billions of your former lives *appos* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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