---
title: “Have I become a god?”—that is to say, “Have I died?—am I only a gho… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: “Have I become a god?”—that is to say, “Have I died?—am I only a ghost in this desolation?” Who acts: I, that. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Shintō Revery, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Shintō Revery, sentence 3

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“Have I become a god?”—that is to say, “Have I died?—am I only a ghost in this desolation?”

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**Who acts:** I, that · **What happens:** have, become, be, die · **To what, where:** god · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Shintō Revery. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:23:4
# text = “Have I become a god?”—that is to say, “Have I died?—am I only a ghost in this desolation?”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	become	become	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	god	god	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	13	nsubj:outer	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	Have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
23	only	only	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	ghost	ghost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	appos	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	28	det	_	_
28	desolation	desolation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **become** *in a quote* | present | I | a god |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **be** *speech: assert* | present | that |  |  |  |  | say *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **die** *in a quote* | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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