---
title: The dead, becoming _kami_ or gods, are thought to haunt wild solitud… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: The dead, becoming _kami_ or gods, are thought to haunt wild solitudes by preference. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Shintō Revery, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Shintō Revery, sentence 4

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The dead, becoming \_kami\_ or gods, are thought to haunt wild solitudes by preference.

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**What happens:** become, think, haunt · **To what, where:** kami, dead, wild solitudes

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Shintō Revery. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:23:5
# text = The dead, becoming _kami_ or gods, are thought to haunt wild solitudes by preference.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	becoming	become	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	kami	kami	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	6	punct	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	thought	think	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	haunt	haunt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
15	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	solitudes	solitude	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	preference	preference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | gerund |  | kami or gods |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | the dead |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 3 | **haunt** | to-infinitive |  | wild solitudes |  |  |  | by preference | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus solitude=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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