---
title: Buddhism forbids all taking of life, and classes as _living_ things… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Buddhism forbids all taking of life, and classes as _living_ things (_Ujō_) all forms having sentiency. Who acts: Buddhism, all, _, forms. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of ev
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, sentence 166

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Buddhism forbids all taking of life, and classes as \_living\_ things (\_Ujō\_) all forms having sentiency.

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**Who acts:** Buddhism, all, \_, forms · **What happens:** forbid, take, live, have · **To what, where:** classes, things, sentiency

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Buddhism, all, \_, forms), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:24:167
# text = Buddhism forbids all taking of life, and classes as _living_ things (_Ujō_) all forms having sentiency.
1	Buddhism	Buddhism	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forbids	forbid	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	nsubj	_	_
4	taking	take	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	classes	class	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	_	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	14	punct	_	_
14	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	_	_	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Ujō	Ujō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	17	punct	_	_
20	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	21	det	_	_
21	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
22	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	21	acl	_	_
23	sentiency	sentiency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forbid** | present | Buddhism | classes as \_ |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Causer clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **take** | gerund | all |  |  |  |  | of life | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent of life=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **live** | gerund | \_ *not said here* | things  all forms |  |  |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme thing=Location |
| 4 | **have** | gerund | all forms *not said here* | sentiency |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sentiency=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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