---
title: _Jigō_ signifies ones own acts or thoughts; _jitoku_, to bring upon… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: _Jigō_ signifies ones own acts or thoughts; _jitoku_, to bring upon oneself,—nearly always in the sense of misfortune, when the word is used in the Buddhist way. Who acts: Jigō, jitoku. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, wi
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, sentence 176

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\_Jigō\_ signifies ones own acts or thoughts; \_jitoku\_, to bring upon oneself,—nearly always in the sense of misfortune, when the word is used in the Buddhist way.

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**Who acts:** Jigō, jitoku · **What happens:** signify, bring, use, sense · **To what, where:** ones, word, Buddhist way, misfortune

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jigō, jitoku), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:24:177
# text = _Jigō_ signifies ones own acts or thoughts; _jitoku_, to bring upon oneself,—nearly always in the sense of misfortune, when the word is used in the Buddhist way.
1	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Jigō	Jigō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	2	punct	_	_
4	signifies	signify	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	acts	act	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	thoughts	thought	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
11	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	jitoku	jitoku	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	bring	bring	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
17	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	oneself	oneself	PRON	PRP	PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	25	advmod	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	sense	sense	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	misfortune	misfortune	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
29	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	33	mark	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nsubj:pass	_	_
32	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux:pass	_	_
33	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl	_	_
34	in	in	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
36	Buddhist	buddhist	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
37	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **signify** | present | Jigō | ones and own acts or thoughts |  |  |  |  | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot one=Theme |
| 2 | **bring** | to-infinitive | jitoku |  |  |  |  | upon oneself; the sense of misfortune *conj* | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **use** | present · passive |  | the word |  | the Buddhist way |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **sense** |  |  | misfortune |  |  |  |  | nom sense «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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