---
title: [31] Refers to the joy of meeting a good friend in time of misfortune. — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: [31] Refers to the joy of meeting a good friend in time of misfortune. Who acts: 31, joy. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, sentence 181

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\[31\] Refers to the joy of meeting a good friend in time of misfortune.

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**Who acts:** 31, joy · **What happens:** refer, meet · **To what, where:** good friend

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (31, joy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:24:182
# text = [31] Refers to the joy of meeting a good friend in time of misfortune.
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	31	31	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Refers	refer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	joy	joy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	meeting	meet	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	misfortune	misfortune	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refer** | present | 31 |  |  |  |  | to the joy | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to joy=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **meet** | gerund | the joy *not said here* | a good friend |  |  | time |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Co-Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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