---
title: Whatever hap-piness we enjoy is not less a consequence of the acts a… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Whatever hap-piness we enjoy is not less a consequence of the acts and thoughts of previous lives, than is any misfortune that comes to us. Who acts: we, hap piness, misfortune. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, with its d
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1, sentence 58

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Whatever hap-piness we enjoy is not less a consequence of the acts and thoughts of previous lives, than is any misfortune that comes to us.

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**Who acts:** we, hap piness, misfortune · **What happens:** enjoy, be, come, think · **To what, where:** hap piness, consequence, us, previous lives

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, hap piness, misfortune), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:24:59
# text = Whatever hap-piness we enjoy is not less a consequence of the acts and thoughts of previous lives, than is any misfortune that comes to us.
1	Whatever	whatever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	det:predet	_	_
2	hap	hap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	piness	piness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	enjoy	enjoy	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	consequence	consequence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	acts	act	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	thoughts	thought	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	previous	previous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	lives	life	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
21	than	than	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
23	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	24	det	_	_
24	misfortune	misfortune	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
25	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	26	nsubj	_	_
26	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	acl:relcl	_	_
27	to	to	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **enjoy** | present | we | whatever hap piness *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer piness=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is a** | present | whatever hap piness | a consequence and any misfortune |  |  |  | of the acts and thoughts of previous lives; less *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | whatever hap piness *not said here* |  |  |  |  | than any misfortune | tree rules |
| 4 | **come** | present | any misfortune |  | us |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to we=Initial\_Location |
| 5 | **think** |  |  | previous lives |  |  |  |  | nom thought «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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