---
title: [63] _Kugai_ (lit.: “bitter world”) is a term often used to describe… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: [63] _Kugai_ (lit.: “bitter world”) is a term often used to describe the life of a prostitute. Who acts: Kugai. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, sentence 144

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\[63\] \_Kugai\_ (lit.: “bitter world”) is a term often used to describe the life of a prostitute.

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**Who acts:** Kugai · **What happens:** lit, be, use, describe · **To what, where:** 63, term, life

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Kugai), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:25:144
# text = [63] _Kugai_ (lit.: “bitter world”) is a term often used to describe the life of a prostitute.
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	63	63	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Kugai	Kugai	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	5	punct	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	lit	lit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.:	.:	SYM	NFP	_	8	discourse	_	_
10	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
18	often	often	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	describe	describe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	xcomp	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	prostitute	prostitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lit** | participle | Kugai | 63 |  |  |  | bitter world *obl* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | a term |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  | a term *not said here* |  |  |  | often *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **describe** | to-infinitive |  | the life of a prostitute |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent life=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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