---
title: _ Promised [or, destined] from a former birth. — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: _ Promised [or, destined] from a former birth. Who acts: _. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, sentence 223

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\_ Promised \[or, destined\] from a former birth.

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**Who acts:** \_ · **What happens:** promise, destine · **To what, where:** former birth

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (\_), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:25:223
# text = _ Promised [or, destined] from a former birth.
1	_	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	Promised	promise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	destined	destine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promise** *speech: promise* | past | \_ |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **destine** | participle | \_ *not said here* |  |  | a former birth |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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