---
title: _ The shop-boy in front of the temple-gate repeats the sutra which h… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: _ The shop-boy in front of the temple-gate repeats the sutra which he never learned. Who acts: shop boy, boy. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, sentence 62

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\_ The shop-boy in front of the temple-gate repeats the sutra which he never learned.

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**Who acts:** shop boy, boy · **What happens:** repeat, not learn · **To what, where:** sutra

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shop boy, boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:25:62
# text = _ The shop-boy in front of the temple-gate repeats the sutra which he never learned.
1	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	13	punct	_	_
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	temple	temple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
13	repeats	repeat	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	sutra	sutra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	obj	_	_
17	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
19	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **repeat** | present | the shop boy in front of the temple gate | the sutra |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sutra=Eventuality |
| 2 | **not** **learn** | past | boy | the sutra |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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