---
title: By constantly hearing the sutra chanted in the temple, the boy learn… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: By constantly hearing the sutra chanted in the temple, the boy learns to repeat the words. Who acts: boy. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, sentence 65

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By constantly hearing the sutra chanted in the temple, the boy learns to repeat the words.

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**Who acts:** boy · **What happens:** hear, chant, learn, repeat · **To what, where:** sutra, temple, words

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:25:65
# text = By constantly hearing the sutra chanted in the temple, the boy learns to repeat the words.
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	constantly	constantly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	hearing	hear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sutra	sutra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	chanted	chant	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	temple	temple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	learns	learn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	repeat	repeat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | gerund | the boy *not said here* | the sutra |  |  |  | constantly *property* | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer sutra=Stimulus |
| 2 | **chant** | participle |  | the sutra *not said here* |  | the temple |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **learn** | present | the boy |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **repeat** | to-infinitive | the boy *not said here* | the words |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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