---
title: However miserable human existence, it is at least a state in which s… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: However miserable human existence, it is at least a state in which some knowledge of divine truth may be obtained; whereas the beings in other and lower conditions of life are relatively incapable of spiritual progress. Who acts: miserable human existence, beings. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, sentence 93

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However miserable human existence, it is at least a state in which some knowledge of divine truth may be obtained; whereas the beings in other and lower conditions of life are relatively incapable of spiritual progress.

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**Who acts:** miserable human existence, beings · **What happens:** be, obtain, condition · **To what, where:** state, least, knowledge, life

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (miserable human existence, beings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:25:93
# text = However miserable human existence, it is at least a state in which some knowledge of divine truth may be obtained; whereas the beings in other and lower conditions of life are relatively incapable of spiritual progress.
1	However	however	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	miserable	miserable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	existence	existence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	11	nmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	obl	_	_
14	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	det	_	_
15	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	divine	divine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	obtained	obtain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	beings	being	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	nsubj	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	nmod	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
29	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	30	amod	_	_
30	conditions	condition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
33	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	cop	_	_
34	relatively	relatively	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
35	incapable	incapable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	parataxis	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	spiritual	spiritual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	progress	progress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | miserable human existence | a state |  | least |  | privilege *nsubj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **obtain** | may · passive |  | some knowledge of divine truth |  | a state |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | the beings in other and lower conditions of life |  |  |  |  | of spiritual progress; incapable, relatively *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **condition** |  |  | life |  |  |  |  | nom condition «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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