---
title: _Ingwa_ is a Japanese Buddhist term for evil karma, or the evil cons… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: _Ingwa_ is a Japanese Buddhist term for evil karma, or the evil consequence of faults committed in a former state of existence. Who acts: Ingwa. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 3, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 3, sentence 44

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\_Ingwa\_ is a Japanese Buddhist term for evil karma, or the evil consequence of faults committed in a former state of existence.

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**Who acts:** Ingwa · **What happens:** be, commit · **To what, where:** Japanese Buddhist term, faults, former state

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ingwa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:26:44
# text = _Ingwa_ is a Japanese Buddhist term for evil karma, or the evil consequence of faults committed in a former state of existence.
1	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Ingwa	Ingwa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	Japanese	Japanese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	Buddhist	buddhist	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	evil	evil	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	karma	karma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	evil	evil	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	consequence	consequence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	faults	fault	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	_
19	committed	commit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	acl	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	existence	existence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ingwa | a Japanese Buddhist term |  |  |  | for evil karma; the evil consequence of faults *appos* | tree rules |
| 2 | **commit** | participle |  | faults *not said here* |  | a former state of existence |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in state=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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