---
title: Upon the point of a long nail, driven up through the centre of the b… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Upon the point of a long nail, driven up through the centre of the bottom, was fixed a lighted candle. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1], with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu\[1\], sentence 103

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Upon the point of a long nail, driven up through the centre of the bottom, was fixed a lighted candle.

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**What happens:** drive up, fix, light, point · **To what, where:** long nail, centre, lighted candle

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu\[1\]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:27:104
# text = Upon the point of a long nail, driven up through the centre of the bottom, was fixed a lighted candle.
1	Upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	driven	drive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
10	up	up	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	through	through	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
18	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	fixed	fix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	lighted	light	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	amod	_	_
22	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive up** | participle |  | a long nail *not said here* |  | the centre of the bottom |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent through centre=Trajectory |
| 2 | **fix** | past · passive |  | a lighted candle |  |  |  | upon the point of a long nail | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: candle=Patient |
| 3 | **light** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **point** |  |  | a long nail |  |  |  |  | nom point «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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