---
title: There was yet scarcely any wind; but there must have been wild weath… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: There was yet scarcely any wind; but there must have been wild weather elsewhere,—and the breakers were steadily heightening. Who acts: wind, breakers. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1], with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu\[1\], sentence 150

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There was yet scarcely any wind; but there must have been wild weather elsewhere,—and the breakers were steadily heightening.

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**Who acts:** wind, breakers · **What happens:** be, have, heighten · **To what, where:** wild weather

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu\[1\]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wind, breakers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:27:151
# text = There was yet scarcely any wind; but there must have been wild weather elsewhere,—and the breakers were steadily heightening.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	scarcely	scarcely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	11	expl	_	_
10	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	cop	_	_
13	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
15	elsewhere	elsewhere	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	breakers	breaker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
21	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	steadily	steadily	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	heightening	heighten	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | any wind |  |  | there | yet | scarcely *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | must |  |  |  | there |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | participle |  | wild weather |  |  |  | elsewhere *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **heighten** | past · progressive | the breakers |  |  |  |  | steadily *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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